Of the Galilean satellites, Europa is the second-closest to Jupiter. Its surface may consist of a thick layer of water ice. Like Io, it is internally heated by Jupiter's tidal effect. Europa makes one revolution around Jupiter every three and a half days.

An O - C graph plots observed (O) minus calculated (C) values for a series of events. Any difference in the real world (O) versus a model (C) is readily apparent. Trends can be easily seen. Variation from modeled values can be due to an inaccurate model, true change in the observed system, or "noise" in the observations.

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